Asking questions in Present Perfect "Have you ever (been) ... ?"

-action completed before the present moment and the result is in the present. Attention is centered on the result but not on the circumstances. Such action may complete shortly or long before the MS. We aren’t interested in when and how it happened. It’s a kind of present time because we can make a present simple sentence about the situation.

1.Action-result (Exclusive) (переводится прошедшим):

-action time not given because the result is important:

e.g. Have you slept well? I’ve watered the flowers.

-sometimes with the Indefinite time adverbs: Ever, never, just, already, yet, lately, recently, before, so far, of late, in the last few days :

e.g. Have you heard of him lately? I’ve made it clear enough before.

-may be use with today, this week (month, year, morning) when this time isn’t over. They help concentrate attention on the present result. e.g. Have you seen him this morning?

-Single action: e.g. I’ve locked the door.
-Recurrent action: e.g. I’ve read this book twice. I’ve done bad things.
-Actions of some duration: e.g. I’ve tried to be helpful. I think I’ve been idle.
-Not recent actions which are still with us as a part of our knowledge e.g. I’ve traveled a lot in America (= I know America.)

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2. Action began before the MS and continued into it (INCLUSIVE) (переводи настоящим):

-period of duration is shown by:

FOR: for an hour, for many years, for the last few days, for a long time, for ages.
IN: in a long while, in years
OTHER WAYS: these 3 years, all this week, all along, so long, all one’s life

-starting point is shown by:

SINCE :
e.g. adverb: I met him 2 days ago. I’ve seen him every day since.
preposition: He’s been here since 5 o’clock.
conjunc.: I haven’t seen him ever since the party started. (Past Simple после since).
{For parallel actions ue Present Perfect in both: I’ve loved you since I’ve known you)

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3.Accomplished future action in IF and WHEN clauses (переводи будущим)

e.g. As soon as we've had smth to eat, we'll go for a walk.

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1.Future Simple В момент речи к нам пришла в голову идея ч-т сделать:
e.g. It’s raining. I’ll take my umbrella.

Предсказываем будущ., надеемся,что произойдет:
-I am sure he will…,
-I think I will,
-I’m sure she’ll….
-I’ll probably go to Tver next year.
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1.Action going on at a given past moment
-markers: at … o’clock yesterday, at that moment, at midnight, all day, from 5 till 6 yesterday, the whole evening,
-another past action in the past simple: e.g. He was playing when he saw her
He hurt his leg while he was running.
-context (to stress process): e.g. They sat and talked. I was listening.
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2.Action going on at a given period in the past. Time specification may or not be present (all day, all that year, yesterday, the whole morning, from … till ..) Past Simple expresses a FACT, Past Progressive expresses a PROCESS.
e.g. What were you doing there? I was looking for my wife.Roy was keeping to his room all day.

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3.Actions generally characterizing a person bringing out his personal traits. (Always with: ALWAYS, CONSTANTLY, CONTINUALLY)

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4.Future action viewed from the past. (actions are supposed to take place due to one’s own previous decision). Time indication not necessary + usually with the verbs of motion)

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5.Past Progressive is used in Descriptions
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Not used with To love to forget to wish to see to be to like to remember to know to hear to need To hate to want to believe to understand

1.Action began before the definite moment in the past and continued a)up to it or b) into it.

-markers: by … o’clock, by Monday, by the end of the year, by that time
e.g. They had finished their work by the end of the month.

-later action in the past simple: + Step back in narration
e.g. When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
When I got home the house was very quiet. Everybody had gone to bed.
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WHEN
Succession: When she came in, he stood up. (When he had read, he called her);
Simultaneity: I knew Bob. I had met him when he was a little boy.
Precedence: When he came back, his wife had disappeared.
I hadn’t gone(been) … when + PS (Не прошло (-ёл я) и, как)

AS SOON AS
Succession: As soon as we reached the top, we decided to rest a bit.
As soon as she had gone, … (to stress completion)

AFTER
Succession: After he had cleaned up, he went out.
Shortly after we returned, he went to the president.

TILL, UNTIL
Succession: He read the book until he was dead tired.
He waited till she had calmed down.

BEFORE He had heard the news before he went out.
It happened before you came.
До того, как …; прежде чем, …; перед тем, как … .
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Unaccomplished action Past Perfect:

e.g. The hadn’t gone 2 miles when they heard. не успели они … как…
He hadn’t been there for… before he figured that … .(не пробыл он там … как …)

In Sub. clause PP is positive in form but negative in meaning.
e.g. We reached the station before it had become dark
(ещё прежде чем, ещё до того как )
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2. He had scarcely entered, when he saw her. Scarcely had he entered, when ...
He had hardly sat down, when he saw her. Hardly had he sat down, when ...
He had nearly stepped in, when she heard … . Nearly had he stepped in, when …
He had no sooner arrived than he fell ill. No sooner had he arrived than he …
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3. Ann had risen and was peering over his shoulder.
I thought he hadn’t seen her since he returned.

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1.Habitual, permanent, recurrent, facts in the present.

May be used with: Usually, every day(week, month, year, four years), often, seldom, never, sometimes, always, on Fridays, daily, once a month, twice a year, three times a week.

e.g. He usually throws up in the morning.
They clean the slaughterhouse daily.
She knows English well.
Masha likes older men.
People say she makes nice cakes.

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1.Action going on at the moment of speaking (present moment). Time limits are unknown. Sometimes now, at the moment, at the present moment are used.

e.g. I’m looking for my wife. Why are you crying? The water is boiling.
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2.Action going on at the present period (+ developing).
May or may not have a time indication + happens not only at the actual moment of speech (MS):

e.g. I’m taking a course in English. The weather is getting better. I’m writing a novel about…

-temporary situations but not permanent or regular happenings:
e.g. My sister is living in the kitchen at the moment.
I’m seeing a lot of Gregory these days

In these cases it may be paraphrased as "TO BE BUSY DOING SMTH"

e.g. She’s busy cutting the grass. He’s busy taking a course in French.
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